Executive Summary:
A high-severity vulnerability, identified as CVE-2025-20727, exists in the modem component of multiple products from the vendor "In". This flaw could allow an unauthenticated attacker to cause a system crash or execute arbitrary code by sending specially crafted data to the device. Successful exploitation could lead to a loss of connectivity or a complete compromise of the affected product's communication capabilities.

Vulnerability Details

CVE-ID: CVE-2025-20727

Affected Software: In Multiple Products

Affected Versions: See vendor advisory for specific affected versions

Vulnerability: The vulnerability is a heap-based buffer overflow within the modem's software. An attacker can trigger this flaw by sending specially crafted data to the modem, which the device fails to properly validate. This causes the system to write data beyond the intended memory buffer on the heap, leading to an out-of-bounds write condition. This memory corruption can be leveraged by an attacker to crash the modem, resulting in a denial of service, or potentially to execute arbitrary code with the privileges of the modem process.

Business Impact

This vulnerability is rated as High severity with a CVSS score of 7.5. Exploitation could have a significant impact on business operations, particularly if the affected products are critical for network connectivity or communication. A successful attack could lead to operational downtime, interception or manipulation of data traffic, or the use of the compromised device as an entry point for further attacks on the internal network. This presents a direct risk of data breaches, service disruption, and reputational damage.

Remediation Plan

Immediate Action: The primary course of action is to apply the security updates provided by the vendor to all affected assets immediately. Following the update, review system and access logs for any indicators of compromise or anomalous activity that may have occurred prior to patching.

Proactive Monitoring: Establish enhanced monitoring for affected devices. Security teams should look for unusual modem behavior such as unexpected reboots, system crashes, or abnormal memory usage. Network monitoring should be configured to detect and alert on anomalous traffic patterns originating from or directed to the modem, which could signify an exploitation attempt or post-compromise communication.

Compensating Controls: If patching cannot be performed immediately, implement compensating controls to mitigate risk. Isolate affected devices on a segmented network to limit an attacker's lateral movement capabilities. Deploy an Intrusion Prevention System (IPS) with signatures capable of detecting and blocking generic buffer overflow exploitation attempts.

Exploitation Status

Public Exploit Available: False

Analyst Notes: As of November 4, 2025, there is no known publicly available exploit code for this vulnerability. Additionally, this CVE is not listed in the CISA Known Exploited Vulnerabilities (KEV) catalog, indicating it is not currently known to be actively exploited in the wild.

Analyst Recommendation

Given the high severity of this vulnerability and its location in a critical modem component, organizations must act swiftly. Although there is no current evidence of active exploitation, heap buffer overflows are a well-understood vulnerability class and are frequently targeted by threat actors. We strongly recommend prioritizing the immediate deployment of the vendor-provided security updates across all affected systems. The implementation of proactive monitoring and compensating controls should be considered a critical secondary measure to defend against potential future exploitation attempts.

Executive Summary:
A high-severity vulnerability has been identified in the Airoha Bluetooth audio Software Development Kit (SDK), which is used in numerous audio products. This flaw, designated CVE-2025-20702, could allow a nearby attacker to gain unauthorized access to a device's command protocol, potentially leading to data theft, unauthorized configuration changes, or a denial of service. Organizations using affected products should prioritize applying vendor-supplied security updates to mitigate this significant risk.

Vulnerability Details

CVE-ID: CVE-2025-20702

Affected Software: Airoha Multiple Products

Affected Versions: See vendor advisory for specific affected versions.

Vulnerability: The vulnerability exists within the implementation of the Raelink Asynchronous Command Executive (RACE) protocol in the Airoha Bluetooth audio SDK. A flaw in the authentication or authorization mechanism allows an unauthenticated attacker within Bluetooth range to establish a connection and send malicious commands via the RACE protocol. Successful exploitation would grant the attacker unauthorized access to functions normally reserved for legitimate management and communication, enabling them to potentially read sensitive data, modify device settings, or disrupt normal operations.

Business Impact

This vulnerability presents a High severity risk, reflected by its CVSS score of 8.8. Exploitation could lead to significant business consequences, including the compromise of sensitive data handled by affected audio devices, such as call information or other personal data. An attacker could also manipulate device functionality, leading to a denial of service or unpredictable behavior, which could impact user safety or operational continuity. The widespread use of the Airoha SDK in consumer and enterprise audio products creates a broad attack surface, posing a reputational risk and potential financial liability for the organization if customer devices are compromised.

Remediation Plan

Immediate Action: The primary remediation is to apply the security updates provided by Airoha or the respective product manufacturer immediately. After patching, system administrators should monitor for any signs of post-remediation exploitation attempts and review device access logs for any anomalous activity that occurred prior to the update.

Proactive Monitoring: Implement enhanced monitoring of Bluetooth traffic for unusual or unauthorized connection attempts. Review system and application logs on devices utilizing the Airoha SDK for any errors or unexpected commands related to the RACE protocol. Security teams should be alert to any abnormal device behavior, such as unexpected reboots, configuration changes, or data transmission.

Compensating Controls: If immediate patching is not feasible, consider implementing compensating controls. This includes restricting physical access to sensitive areas where vulnerable devices are in use to limit an attacker's proximity. If possible, disable Bluetooth functionality on affected devices until they can be patched. Employing network segmentation and access control lists (ACLs) can also help limit the ability of unauthorized devices to interact with vulnerable systems.

Exploitation Status

Public Exploit Available: false

Analyst Notes: As of August 4, 2025, there are no known public proof-of-concept exploits or active malicious campaigns targeting this vulnerability. The vulnerability is not listed on the CISA Known Exploited Vulnerabilities (KEV) catalog. However, given the high CVSS score and the prevalence of the Airoha SDK, it is highly likely that security researchers and threat actors will develop exploits in the near future.

Analyst Recommendation

Due to the High severity (CVSS 8.8) of this vulnerability, we strongly recommend that organizations identify all affected products within their environment and apply the vendor-provided patches with the highest priority. Although there is no evidence of active exploitation at this time, the risk of unauthorized access and potential data compromise is significant. Adherence to the outlined remediation plan is critical to prevent future exploitation and protect the organization's assets and reputation.

Executive Summary:
A high-severity vulnerability has been identified in the Airoha Bluetooth audio SDK, which is used in a wide range of audio products. This flaw, designated CVE-2025-20701, allows a nearby attacker to pair with a vulnerable device without any user interaction or consent. Successful exploitation could lead to unauthorized eavesdropping on audio calls, data interception, and a complete loss of confidentiality for communications handled by the affected device.

Vulnerability Details

CVE-ID: CVE-2025-20701

Affected Software: Airoha Multiple Products

Affected Versions: See vendor advisory for specific affected versions.

Vulnerability: The vulnerability exists within the Bluetooth pairing process of the Airoha audio SDK. It appears to be a flaw in the implementation of the pairing protocol, potentially bypassing standard security mechanisms like user confirmation or passkey entry. An attacker within Bluetooth range can send specially crafted pairing requests to a vulnerable device, forcing it to establish a trusted connection without the owner's knowledge or approval. Once paired, the attacker could potentially access audio streams (both microphone and speaker), control media playback, and perform other actions permitted by the device's Bluetooth profiles.

Business Impact

This vulnerability is rated as High severity with a CVSS score of 8.8. Exploitation could have a significant business impact, particularly if affected devices are used for confidential business communications. The primary risk is corporate espionage, where an attacker could eavesdrop on sensitive meetings, phone calls, or private conversations. Further risks include social engineering through audio injection and potential reputational damage if products provided to customers are found to be vulnerable. The ease of exploitation (requiring only physical proximity) elevates the risk for employees in public spaces, corporate offices, and those handling sensitive information.

Remediation Plan

Immediate Action: Identify all devices utilizing the Airoha Bluetooth audio SDK and apply the security updates provided by Airoha or the specific product vendor immediately. After patching, it is crucial to unpair any unrecognized Bluetooth devices and reboot the hardware.

Proactive Monitoring: Security teams should monitor device and system logs for an unusual volume of Bluetooth pairing requests or successful pairings with unknown or unexpected device names. Reviewing logs for connections originating from unfamiliar Bluetooth MAC addresses can also help detect exploitation attempts. Monitor for unusual device behavior, such as unexpected microphone activation or audio being routed to an unknown output.

Compensating Controls: If immediate patching is not feasible, implement the following controls:

• Disable Bluetooth on affected devices when not in active use.
• Enforce a "never pair in untrusted environments" policy for all users.
• Restrict physical access to areas where sensitive conversations occur using these devices.
• Regularly audit the list of paired devices and instruct users to remove any unrecognized entries.

Exploitation Status

Public Exploit Available: false

Analyst Notes: As of August 4, 2025, there are no known public proof-of-concept exploits or observed in-the-wild attacks targeting this vulnerability. The vulnerability is not currently listed on the CISA Known Exploited Vulnerabilities (KEV) catalog. However, given the nature of Bluetooth vulnerabilities, proximity-based exploits can be developed and shared privately among threat actors.

Analyst Recommendation
Given the high CVSS score of 8.8 and the potential for complete confidentiality compromise, we recommend that organizations treat this vulnerability with high priority. The primary course of action is to conduct an inventory to identify all affected Airoha-based products and deploy the vendor-supplied patches without delay. Although there is no evidence of active exploitation, the low attack complexity makes it a significant threat, especially for devices used by executives or personnel in sensitive roles. Organizations should prioritize patching and implement the suggested compensating controls to mitigate risk until all devices are secured.

Executive Summary:
A high-severity vulnerability has been identified in the Airoha Bluetooth audio Software Development Kit (SDK), which is used in a wide range of audio products. This flaw, tracked as CVE-2025-20700, allows a nearby attacker to bypass security permissions over a Bluetooth connection and access sensitive data. Successful exploitation could lead to a breach of confidential information stored on or transmitted by affected devices.

Vulnerability Details

CVE-ID: CVE-2025-20700

Affected Software: Airoha Multiple Products

Affected Versions: See vendor advisory for specific affected versions

Vulnerability: The vulnerability is a permission bypass within the Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) Generic Attribute Profile (GATT) service implementation in Airoha's audio SDK. An unauthenticated attacker within Bluetooth range can send specially crafted requests to the GATT service of a vulnerable device. This bypasses the intended access controls, granting the attacker unauthorized read access to critical data managed by the proprietary RACE protocol, which should otherwise be protected.

Business Impact

This vulnerability presents a High severity risk, reflected by its CVSS score of 8.8. Exploitation could lead to the compromise of critical data, potentially including user information, device configuration details, or proprietary operational data. For an organization, this translates to a direct risk of data breaches, loss of customer trust, and potential non-compliance with data protection regulations. The widespread use of Airoha's SDK in consumer and enterprise audio devices means the potential attack surface could be extensive, impacting products from various manufacturers.

Remediation Plan

Immediate Action: Apply the security updates provided by Airoha or the specific product manufacturer immediately. Organizations must inventory all devices utilizing Airoha chipsets and prioritize the deployment of firmware patches to mitigate this vulnerability.

Proactive Monitoring: IT and security teams should monitor for anomalous Bluetooth activity. This includes observing logs for unusual or repeated GATT connection attempts, unexpected data access patterns, and connections from unauthorized or unrecognized devices within physical proximity to sensitive assets.

Compensating Controls: If immediate patching is not feasible, consider disabling Bluetooth functionality on non-essential devices. Implement physical security controls to limit an attacker's ability to get within Bluetooth range of critical systems. Enforce strict device pairing policies and educate users on the risks of connecting to unknown Bluetooth devices.

Exploitation Status

Public Exploit Available: False

Analyst Notes: As of August 4, 2025, there are no known public proof-of-concept exploits or active exploitation campaigns targeting this vulnerability. The vulnerability is not listed on the CISA Known Exploited Vulnerabilities (KEV) catalog. However, given the high CVSS score and the prevalence of affected devices, the likelihood of future exploit development is high.

Analyst Recommendation

Given the high severity (CVSS 8.8) of this vulnerability, we strongly recommend that organizations take immediate action. The primary course of action is to identify all products in your environment that use the Airoha Bluetooth audio SDK and deploy the vendor-provided security patches without delay. Although there is no evidence of active exploitation, the risk of a data breach is significant, and proactive patching is the most effective defense to prevent potential compromise.

Executive Summary:
A high-severity vulnerability has been identified in certain versions of the Splunk Universal Forwarder for Windows. This flaw could allow an attacker to escalate privileges on the affected system, potentially leading to a full system compromise, data theft, or further network intrusion. Organizations are urged to apply the vendor-provided security updates immediately to mitigate this significant risk.

Vulnerability Details

CVE-ID: CVE-2025-20387

Affected Software: Splunk Universal Forwarder for Windows

Affected Versions: All versions below 10.0

Vulnerability: The vulnerability exists within the Splunk Universal Forwarder service on the Windows operating system. A local attacker with low-level user privileges on a machine running an affected forwarder could exploit this flaw to execute arbitrary code with the elevated privileges of the forwarder service, which typically runs as the SYSTEM user. Successful exploitation would grant the attacker complete control over the host, allowing them to install malware, exfiltrate sensitive data that the forwarder has access to, and pivot to other systems on the network.

Business Impact

This vulnerability is rated as High severity with a CVSS score of 8.0, posing a significant risk to the organization. A successful exploit could lead to a complete compromise of the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of the affected server. Potential consequences include unauthorized access to sensitive log data, deployment of ransomware, disruption of critical business operations, and the use of the compromised system as a launchpad for broader network attacks. Given that Universal Forwarders are often deployed on critical servers, the impact of a single compromise could be widespread.

Remediation Plan

Immediate Action: The primary remediation is to upgrade all instances of Splunk Universal Forwarder for Windows to version 10.0 or a later, patched version as specified by the vendor. This action should be prioritized for all critical and internet-facing systems. After patching, verify that the service is running correctly and that log forwarding has resumed.

Proactive Monitoring: Security teams should actively monitor for signs of attempted or successful exploitation. This includes reviewing Windows Security event logs for unexpected privilege escalation events (e.g., Event ID 4672), monitoring for unusual processes being spawned by the Splunk splunkd.exe service, and scrutinizing outbound network traffic from forwarder hosts for anomalous connections.

Compensating Controls: If immediate patching is not feasible, implement compensating controls to reduce the risk. This includes restricting local interactive logon access to affected servers, utilizing Endpoint Detection and Response (EDR) tools to block suspicious process behavior originating from the Splunk service, and ensuring the Splunk service account is configured with the absolute minimum privileges required for its function.

Exploitation Status

Public Exploit Available: false

Analyst Notes: As of December 3, 2025, there are no known public proof-of-concept exploits or active exploitation campaigns targeting this vulnerability. The vulnerability is not currently listed on the CISA Known Exploited Vulnerabilities (KEV) catalog. However, due to the high CVSS score and the widespread deployment of the affected software, the likelihood of an exploit being developed is high.

Analyst Recommendation

Given the high severity of this vulnerability, we strongly recommend that all affected Splunk Universal Forwarder for Windows instances be patched immediately. Organizations should prioritize this patching effort based on asset criticality, starting with domain controllers, database servers, and other systems handling sensitive information. Although there is no evidence of active exploitation at this time, the risk of a full system compromise warrants urgent and decisive action to prevent potential future impact.

Executive Summary:
A high-severity vulnerability has been identified in Splunk Enterprise for Windows, which could allow an attacker to compromise the underlying server. Successful exploitation could lead to unauthorized access to sensitive data, system takeover, and disruption of critical monitoring services, posing a significant risk to the organization's security and operational integrity.

Vulnerability Details

CVE-ID: CVE-2025-20386

Affected Software: Splunk Enterprise for Windows

Affected Versions: All versions below 10.0

Vulnerability:
This vulnerability allows a remote attacker to execute arbitrary code on Splunk Enterprise instances running on the Windows operating system. The flaw likely exists within a component that processes user-supplied input without proper validation. An authenticated attacker with low-level user permissions could exploit this by sending a specially crafted request to the Splunk server, leading to code execution with the privileges of the Splunk service account.

Business Impact

This vulnerability is rated as High severity with a CVSS score of 8.0. A successful exploit could result in a complete compromise of the Splunk server, which often aggregates sensitive log and security data from across the entire enterprise. Potential consequences include theft of confidential data, unauthorized system access, lateral movement into other parts of the network, and disruption of security monitoring and incident response capabilities. The business risks include major data breaches, compliance violations, and significant reputational damage.

Remediation Plan

Immediate Action:
Organizations must apply the security updates provided by the vendor to all affected Splunk Enterprise for Windows instances immediately. Prioritize patching for internet-facing or mission-critical systems. After patching, review access logs and system audit logs for any signs of compromise that may have occurred before the patch was applied.

Proactive Monitoring:
Implement enhanced monitoring on Splunk servers. Look for suspicious activity such as unexpected processes being spawned by the Splunkd service, unusual outbound network connections from the Splunk server, and anomalous login patterns or privilege escalations within Splunk's internal audit logs. Utilize EDR solutions to detect malicious command execution on the host system.

Compensating Controls:
If immediate patching is not feasible, implement the following compensating controls:

• Restrict network access to the Splunk management interface to only trusted administrative subnets.
• Enforce the principle of least privilege for all Splunk user accounts to limit the attack surface.
• Increase the logging level on the Splunk host and forward logs to a separate, secure SIEM for independent monitoring.

Exploitation Status

Public Exploit Available: false

Analyst Notes:
As of December 3, 2025, there are no known public proof-of-concept exploits or active exploitation campaigns targeting this vulnerability. However, due to the high severity and the widespread deployment of Splunk, it is highly likely that threat actors will develop exploits in the near future.

Analyst Recommendation

Given the high CVSS score of 8.0, this vulnerability presents a critical risk and must be addressed with urgency. All organizations using the affected versions of Splunk Enterprise for Windows should prioritize the immediate deployment of vendor-supplied patches. Although this vulnerability is not currently on the CISA KEV list, its severity warrants treating it as a critical priority. Until patching is complete across all systems, the recommended compensating controls and proactive monitoring should be implemented to reduce the risk of exploitation.

Executive Summary:
A high-severity vulnerability has been discovered in certain versions of Splunk Enterprise, which could allow an authenticated attacker to execute arbitrary code on the affected system. Successful exploitation could lead to a complete compromise of the Splunk instance, resulting in unauthorized data access, data modification, or service disruption. Organizations are urged to apply vendor-provided security updates to mitigate this critical risk.

Vulnerability Details

CVE-ID: CVE-2025-20371

Affected Software: Splunk Enterprise

Affected Versions: All Splunk Enterprise versions below 10.0

Vulnerability: The vulnerability exists due to an unsafe deserialization flaw within a data processing component of Splunk Enterprise. An authenticated attacker with permissions to manage specific data inputs can send a specially crafted payload to a vulnerable API endpoint. When the Splunk server processes this payload, it deserializes the untrusted data without proper validation, leading to the execution of arbitrary code with the privileges of the Splunk service account. Exploitation requires valid user credentials with specific, non-administrative permissions.

Business Impact

This vulnerability is rated as High severity with a CVSS score of 7.5. A successful exploit could result in a full compromise of the Splunk server, granting an attacker complete control over the platform. The potential business impact is significant, as Splunk instances often aggregate sensitive log data, security events, and operational intelligence from across the organization. An attacker could exfiltrate sensitive data, manipulate or delete critical logs to cover their tracks, disrupt monitoring and alerting capabilities, or use the compromised Splunk server as a pivot point to move laterally within the corporate network.

Remediation Plan

Immediate Action: The primary remediation is to upgrade all affected Splunk Enterprise instances to version 10.0 or later as recommended by the vendor. This update patches the underlying deserialization flaw. After patching, it is crucial to monitor for any signs of post-remediation exploitation attempts and review historical access logs for indicators of compromise prior to the patch application.

Proactive Monitoring: Security teams should proactively monitor for signs of exploitation. This includes scrutinizing Splunk's internal logs (_internal index) for anomalous API requests, particularly those containing suspicious serialized data patterns. Monitor the host system for unexpected processes being spawned by the Splunk service user (splunkd). Additionally, monitor network traffic for unusual outbound connections from Splunk servers, which could indicate data exfiltration or command-and-control communication.

Compensating Controls: If immediate patching is not feasible, organizations should implement compensating controls. Restrict network access to the Splunk management interface and API endpoints to only trusted administrative subnets. Enforce the principle of least privilege by reviewing user roles and capabilities within Splunk, ensuring users only have the minimum permissions necessary for their job functions. Consider using a Web Application Firewall (WAF) to inspect and block malicious serialized payloads targeting the vulnerable endpoint.

Exploitation Status

Public Exploit Available: false

Analyst Notes: As of October 1, 2025, there are no known public exploits for this vulnerability, and it is not currently being exploited in the wild. However, given the high-severity nature and the widespread deployment of Splunk, it is highly probable that proof-of-concept (PoC) exploits will be developed and released by security researchers or threat actors in the near future.

Analyst Recommendation

Due to the high severity (CVSS 7.5) of this vulnerability, which could allow for remote code execution, we strongly recommend that all affected Splunk Enterprise instances be patched immediately. While this vulnerability is not yet listed on the CISA Known Exploited Vulnerabilities (KEV) catalog, the risk of future exploitation is high. Organizations should prioritize the deployment of the vendor-supplied security updates to prevent potential system compromise, data breaches, and disruption to critical security monitoring functions.

Executive Summary:
A critical vulnerability has been discovered in the web services of multiple widely-used Cisco networking and security products, including firewalls and routers. This flaw allows a remote, unauthenticated attacker to potentially take complete control of an affected device. Successful exploitation could lead to a severe network breach, data theft, and significant operational disruption.

Vulnerability Details

CVE-ID: CVE-2025-20363

Affected Software: Cisco Secure Firewall Adaptive Security Appliance (ASA) Software, Cisco Secure Firewall Threat Defense (FTD) Software, Cisco IOS Software, Cisco IOS XE Software.

Affected Versions: See vendor advisory for specific affected versions.

Vulnerability: The vulnerability exists within the web services component accessible on various Cisco devices. An unauthenticated, remote attacker can exploit this flaw by sending a specially crafted request to the web services interface of an affected device. A successful exploit could allow the attacker to execute arbitrary code with elevated privileges, effectively granting them complete control over the system.

Business Impact

This vulnerability is rated as critical severity with a CVSS score of 9.0. Exploitation could have a devastating impact on business operations, as the affected devices are often core components of an organization's network infrastructure. Potential consequences include an attacker gaining the ability to intercept or redirect network traffic, deploy malware or ransomware into the core network, cause a complete denial of service, and gain a foothold to move laterally across the internal network, compromising sensitive data and critical systems.

Remediation Plan

Immediate Action: The primary remediation is to apply security updates provided by Cisco immediately. Organizations must update all affected Cisco ASA, FTD, IOS, and IOS XE devices to a patched version as specified in the vendor's security advisory. In parallel, security teams should actively monitor for any signs of exploitation attempts and review web service access logs for anomalous activity.

Proactive Monitoring: Monitor web service access logs on affected devices for unusual or malformed requests. Implement network traffic analysis to detect anomalous outbound connections originating from the management interfaces of these devices. Security teams should be vigilant for signs of compromise, such as unexpected system reboots, configuration changes, or the creation of unauthorized user accounts.

Compensating Controls: If patching cannot be performed immediately, implement the following controls to reduce risk:

• Restrict access to the web services management interface to a dedicated, secure management network.
• Use Access Control Lists (ACLs) to block all access to the management interface from the internet and other untrusted network segments.
• If the web services interface is not essential for operations, disable it completely.
• Deploy Intrusion Prevention System (IPS) signatures that specifically target this vulnerability as they become available.

Exploitation Status

Public Exploit Available: false

Analyst Notes: As of Sep 25, 2025, there are no known public exploits or active exploitation campaigns targeting this vulnerability. The CISA KEV status is "No". However, given the critical severity and the widespread deployment of these devices on network perimeters, it is highly probable that threat actors will reverse-engineer the patch to develop an exploit.

Analyst Recommendation

Due to the critical severity (CVSS 9.0) of this vulnerability and the foundational role these Cisco devices play in network security, immediate action is required. We strongly recommend that organizations prioritize the testing and deployment of the security patches provided by Cisco across all affected devices. While this CVE is not yet on the CISA KEV list, its high impact makes it a prime target for future exploitation. If immediate patching is not feasible, the compensating controls outlined above must be implemented without delay to significantly reduce the attack surface.

Executive Summary:
A high-severity vulnerability has been discovered in the Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) subsystem of widely-used Cisco networking software. An authenticated attacker with low-level privileges can remotely exploit this flaw to cause a device to crash, resulting in a Denial of Service (DoS) and a network outage. Organizations should prioritize applying security updates to prevent disruption to critical network infrastructure.

Vulnerability Details

CVE-ID: CVE-2025-20352

Affected Software: Cisco Multiple Products

Affected Versions: See vendor advisory for specific affected versions

Vulnerability: The vulnerability exists within the SNMP service of Cisco IOS and IOS XE software. A remote attacker who has successfully authenticated to an affected device with low-privilege credentials can exploit this flaw by sending a specially crafted SNMP request. The processing of this malicious request triggers an unhandled condition, leading to a crash of the SNMP process and a subsequent device reload, causing a complete Denial of Service (DoS).

Business Impact

This vulnerability is rated as High severity with a CVSS score of 7.7. The primary business impact is the potential for significant network disruption. Successful exploitation will lead to a Denial of Service, causing network devices like routers and switches to become unresponsive or reboot. This can result in widespread connectivity loss for users, applications, and critical services, leading to operational downtime, productivity loss, and potential financial impact. The risk is elevated as the attacker only requires low-privilege authenticated access, which may be more common or less monitored than administrative accounts.

Remediation Plan

Immediate Action: Apply the security updates provided by Cisco to all affected devices immediately. Prioritize patching for internet-facing systems and critical internal infrastructure. After patching, continue to monitor for any signs of exploitation attempts and review device and authentication logs for suspicious activity.

Proactive Monitoring: Security teams should monitor for anomalous SNMP traffic, such as an unusual volume of requests or queries from non-standard IP addresses. Monitor device logs for SNMP-related errors or repeated process crashes. Keep a close watch on CPU and memory utilization on critical devices, as abnormal spikes could indicate an attempted or successful attack.

Compensating Controls: If immediate patching is not feasible, implement the following controls to mitigate risk:

• Use Access Control Lists (ACLs) to restrict SNMP access to a limited set of trusted and authorized management workstations.
• Disable the SNMP service on any device where it is not mission-critical.
• Ensure all user accounts, including those with low privileges, have strong, unique passwords and are regularly audited.

Exploitation Status

Public Exploit Available: False

Analyst Notes: As of September 24, 2025, there are no known public exploits or active exploitation campaigns targeting this vulnerability. However, given that the attack only requires authenticated access, it is likely that threat actors will develop proof-of-concept exploits.

Analyst Recommendation

This vulnerability poses a significant risk to network availability and should be addressed urgently. We recommend that organizations prioritize the deployment of vendor-supplied patches across all affected Cisco IOS and IOS XE devices. While this CVE is not currently on the CISA KEV list, its high CVSS score and the widespread deployment of affected devices make it a prime target for future exploitation. In addition to patching, organizations should implement the recommended compensating controls, particularly SNMP access restrictions, as a standard security practice to strengthen their defense-in-depth posture.

Executive Summary:
A high-severity vulnerability has been discovered in Cisco Identity Services Engine (ISE) that allows an unauthenticated, remote attacker to cause the system to restart. Successful exploitation of this vulnerability results in a denial-of-service condition, which can disrupt network access for all users who rely on ISE for authentication.

Vulnerability Details

CVE-ID: CVE-2025-20343

Affected Software: Cisco Multiple Products

Affected Versions: See vendor advisory for specific affected versions

Vulnerability: The vulnerability exists within the RADIUS service of Cisco Identity Services Engine (ISE), specifically in the feature that rejects RADIUS requests from clients with repeated failures. An unauthenticated, remote attacker can exploit this flaw by sending a sequence of specially crafted RADIUS requests to a vulnerable ISE node. When the system processes these repeated failed requests, an error is triggered that causes the entire ISE service to crash and restart, resulting in a temporary denial of service.

Business Impact

This vulnerability is rated as High severity with a CVSS score of 8.6. The primary business impact is a loss of availability for network access control services. As Cisco ISE is a critical component for authenticating users and devices to wired, wireless, and VPN networks, an unexpected restart will prevent legitimate users from connecting to network resources. This can lead to significant operational disruptions, loss of productivity, and an inability to enforce security policies across the network until the service is restored.

Remediation Plan

Immediate Action: Apply the security updates provided by Cisco to all affected Identity Services Engine deployments immediately. Prioritize patching for internet-facing or mission-critical ISE nodes. After patching, monitor system logs for any signs of instability or further unexpected reboots.

Proactive Monitoring: Monitor for an unusual volume of failed RADIUS authentication requests, especially from untrusted or unknown source IP addresses. System administrators should configure alerts for unexpected service restarts or crash events on ISE nodes. Review network traffic for anomalous patterns targeting RADIUS ports (UDP/1812, UDP/1813, UDP/1645, UDP/1646).

Compensating Controls: If patching cannot be performed immediately, implement strict Access Control Lists (ACLs) on network firewalls or routers to limit RADIUS traffic to ISE nodes from only known, trusted network access devices (e.g., switches, wireless controllers). This will limit the attack surface by preventing attackers on untrusted networks from reaching the vulnerable service.

Exploitation Status

Public Exploit Available: false

Analyst Notes: As of November 5, 2025, there are no known public exploits or active exploitation campaigns targeting this vulnerability. However, due to the low complexity of the attack, proof-of-concept code could be developed quickly by threat actors.

Analyst Recommendation

Given the high severity score (CVSS 8.6) and the ability for a remote, unauthenticated attacker to cause a denial-of-service, organizations are urged to treat this vulnerability with high priority. The potential for significant business disruption from the loss of network authentication services is substantial. Although CVE-2025-20343 is not currently on the CISA KEV list, its critical impact warrants immediate patching across all vulnerable Cisco ISE deployments.

Executive Summary:
A high-severity vulnerability has been identified in the Cisco Catalyst Center Virtual Appliance. This flaw could allow an attacker who already has basic access to the system to gain full Administrator-level control, potentially leading to unauthorized network changes, data exfiltration, or service disruption.

Vulnerability Details

CVE-ID: CVE-2025-20341

Affected Software: Cisco Multiple Products

Affected Versions: See vendor advisory for specific affected versions

Vulnerability: A privilege escalation vulnerability exists within the Cisco Catalyst Center Virtual Appliance. The flaw is due to insufficient authorization checks for certain functions accessible via the management interface. An authenticated, remote attacker with low-level user privileges could exploit this vulnerability by sending a specially crafted request to a vulnerable API endpoint. A successful exploit would grant the attacker full Administrator privileges on the affected system, allowing them to execute arbitrary commands and gain complete control over the appliance.

Business Impact

This vulnerability is rated as High severity with a CVSS score of 8.8, posing a significant risk to the organization. A successful exploit would result in a complete compromise of the Cisco Catalyst Center, which serves as a central point of network management and control. An attacker with Administrator privileges could reconfigure network devices, disable security policies, intercept sensitive network traffic, and gain access to otherwise protected network segments. The potential consequences include widespread network disruption, data breaches of confidential information, and a pivot point for further attacks within the internal network.

Remediation Plan

Immediate Action: Organizations must apply the security updates provided by Cisco to all affected Catalyst Center Virtual Appliances immediately. Before patching, it is recommended to take a system snapshot or backup. After patching, security teams should actively monitor for any signs of exploitation attempts and conduct a thorough review of system and access logs for any anomalous or unauthorized activity preceding the patch.

Proactive Monitoring: Implement enhanced monitoring on affected systems. Security teams should specifically look for:

• Anomalous login patterns or successful logins from unexpected IP addresses or geolocations.
• Audit logs showing low-privilege user accounts performing administrative functions or attempting to access restricted APIs.
• Unexpected or unauthorized configuration changes to the Catalyst Center or any managed network devices.
• Outbound network traffic from the Catalyst Center appliance to suspicious or unknown external hosts.

Compensating Controls: If immediate patching is not feasible, implement the following compensating controls to reduce the risk of exploitation:

• Restrict access to the Cisco Catalyst Center management interface to a limited set of trusted IP addresses and dedicated management workstations.
• Enforce multi-factor authentication (MFA) for all user accounts, especially those with privileged access.
• Use a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or Intrusion Prevention System (IPS) with rules to detect and block malicious requests targeting the known vulnerability.
• Implement network segmentation to limit the potential impact of a compromised appliance.

Exploitation Status

Public Exploit Available: false

Analyst Notes: As of the publication date, November 14, 2025, there are no known public exploits or active exploitation attempts in the wild for this vulnerability. The vulnerability is not listed on the CISA Known Exploited Vulnerabilities (KEV) catalog. However, given the high CVSS score and the critical role of the affected product in network management, it is highly likely that threat actors will develop exploits in the near future.

Analyst Recommendation

Due to the high severity (CVSS 8.8) of this vulnerability and the critical function of the Cisco Catalyst Center, immediate action is required. We strongly recommend that all organizations running the affected software prioritize the deployment of vendor-supplied security updates to mitigate the risk of a full system compromise. Although this CVE is not currently listed in the CISA KEV catalog, the potential for an authenticated user to gain complete administrative control makes it a prime target for exploitation. Proactive patching and monitoring are essential to protect critical network infrastructure from this threat.