Executive Summary:
A critical command injection vulnerability, identified as CVE-2025-11148, has been discovered in all versions of the check-branches package. An attacker can exploit this flaw by crafting a malicious git branch name, which, when processed by the tool, allows for the execution of arbitrary commands on the underlying system, potentially leading to a full system compromise.

Vulnerability Details

CVE-ID: CVE-2025-11148

Affected Software: All versions of the package Multiple Products

Affected Versions: All versions are affected.

Vulnerability: The check-branches command-line tool is vulnerable to command injection. The tool processes git branch names without proper input sanitization before using them in a shell command. An attacker can create a git branch with a name containing malicious shell metacharacters (e.g., ;, |, &&, $()). When the check-branches tool is executed locally or within an automated CI/CD pipeline, the malicious payload in the branch name is executed with the permissions of the user or service running the tool, leading to arbitrary code execution.

Business Impact

This vulnerability is rated as critical severity with a CVSS score of 9.8. Successful exploitation could lead to a complete compromise of the system running the check-branches tool, which is often a developer workstation or a critical CI/CD build server. The potential consequences include theft of source code, proprietary data, and sensitive credentials (API keys, passwords, SSH keys); injection of malicious code into the software supply chain; and using the compromised system as a pivot point to attack other internal network resources. This poses a severe risk of data breach, intellectual property loss, and significant operational disruption.

Remediation Plan

Immediate Action: Immediately apply the security update provided by the vendor. All systems using the check-branches package should be patched to the latest version to mitigate this vulnerability. After patching, it is crucial to monitor systems for any signs of exploitation and thoroughly review access logs and command history on potentially affected systems (e.g., CI/CD servers, developer machines).

Proactive Monitoring: Implement enhanced monitoring on systems where the check-branches tool is used. Security teams should look for suspicious process execution originating from the CI/CD pipeline or developer tools. Monitor shell logs (e.g., bash_history, auditd, Sysmon) for unusual commands or patterns. Pay close attention to git branch names that contain shell metacharacters or command-like syntax within your version control system and CI/CD job logs.

Compensating Controls: If immediate patching is not feasible, implement the following compensating controls:

• Run the check-branches tool in a sandboxed, isolated environment (e.g., a minimal container with restricted permissions and no network access).
• Implement strict access control policies on the version control system to limit who can create or rename branches.
• If possible, implement a pre-processing script that sanitizes or validates branch names for malicious characters before they are passed to the check-branches tool.

Exploitation Status

Public Exploit Available: false

Analyst Notes: As of the publication date of September 30, 2025, there are no known public exploits or active exploitation campaigns targeting this vulnerability. However, due to the simplicity of exploiting command injection flaws and the critical CVSS score, it is highly probable that a proof-of-concept exploit will be developed and released by security researchers or threat actors in the near future. The vulnerability is not currently listed on CISA's Known Exploited Vulnerabilities (KEV) catalog.

Analyst Recommendation

Given the critical severity (CVSS 9.8) of this vulnerability and its potential for complete system compromise, immediate remediation is strongly recommended. Organizations must prioritize patching all systems utilizing the check-branches package, with special attention given to CI/CD environments which are high-value targets for supply chain attacks. Although not currently listed in the CISA KEV catalog, the high impact and ease of exploitation make CVE-2025-11148 a top-priority vulnerability that should be addressed without delay to prevent potential compromise.

Executive Summary:
A high-severity vulnerability has been discovered in iHongRen pptp-vpn software. This flaw could allow an unauthenticated remote attacker to compromise the VPN server, potentially gaining unauthorized access to the internal corporate network. Successful exploitation could lead to significant data breaches, network compromise, and disruption of business operations.

Vulnerability Details

CVE-ID: CVE-2025-11130

Affected Software: iHongRen pptp-vpn

Affected Versions: Version 1. See vendor advisory for specific affected versions.

Vulnerability: This vulnerability is a pre-authentication remote code execution (RCE) flaw within the PPTP (Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol) service. An unauthenticated attacker can send a specially crafted network packet to the vulnerable VPN server. Due to improper input validation, this packet can trigger a buffer overflow, allowing the attacker to execute arbitrary code on the underlying operating system with the privileges of the VPN service, which are often elevated.

Business Impact

This vulnerability is rated as High severity with a CVSS score of 8.4. As VPN servers are critical perimeter security devices, their compromise represents a complete breach of the network boundary. Successful exploitation could grant an attacker a foothold within the internal network, from which they could conduct lateral movement, exfiltrate sensitive corporate data, deploy ransomware, or disrupt critical business services that rely on remote access. The potential for reputational damage and financial loss is significant.

Remediation Plan

Immediate Action: Apply the security updates provided by iHongRen immediately to all affected VPN servers. After patching, monitor system and access logs for any signs of compromise that may have occurred prior to the update, such as unusual administrative access or outbound network connections.

Proactive Monitoring: Security teams should actively monitor for signs of exploitation. This includes inspecting network traffic to the VPN for malformed PPTP packets, monitoring the VPN server for unexpected crashes or restarts, and watching for the creation of suspicious processes or files. Review VPN authentication logs for anomalous connection patterns, such as repeated failed logins followed by a success or connections from untrusted geographic regions.

Compensating Controls: If immediate patching is not feasible, organizations should implement compensating controls. Restrict access to the VPN service to only trusted IP address ranges. Employ an Intrusion Prevention System (IPS) with updated signatures capable of detecting and blocking exploit attempts targeting this vulnerability. Ensure network segmentation is in place to limit an attacker's ability to move laterally if the VPN server is compromised.

Exploitation Status

Public Exploit Available: false

Analyst Notes: As of September 29, 2025, there are no known public exploits or proof-of-concept code for this vulnerability. However, given the high severity and direct impact on network security, it is highly probable that threat actors will reverse-engineer the patch to develop an exploit. This vulnerability is not currently listed on the CISA Known Exploited Vulnerabilities (KEV) catalog.

Analyst Recommendation

Due to the High severity (CVSS 8.4) of this vulnerability and the critical function of the affected VPN product, we strongly recommend that organizations treat this as a top-priority threat. The immediate application of the vendor-supplied security patch is the most effective course of action. While there is no evidence of active exploitation at this time, the risk of future exploitation is high, and organizations must act preemptively to secure their network perimeter.

Executive Summary:
A critical vulnerability has been identified in the Mstoreapp WordPress plugins, which allows an unauthenticated attacker to gain complete control over any user's account, including administrator accounts. By simply knowing a user's email address, an attacker can exploit this flaw to impersonate them, leading to potential data theft, website defacement, and further system compromise. Immediate patching is required to mitigate this severe risk.

Vulnerability Details

CVE-ID: CVE-2025-11127

Affected Software: The Mstoreapp Mobile App WordPress plugin through Multiple Products

Affected Versions:

• Mstoreapp Mobile App WordPress plugin: Versions through 2.08
• Mstoreapp Mobile Multivendor: Versions through 9.0.1

Vulnerability: The vulnerability exists due to an improper identity verification mechanism within an AJAX function of the affected plugins. An unauthenticated attacker can send a specially crafted request to this AJAX endpoint, providing the email address of a target user. The plugin fails to validate that the request is coming from an authenticated source, and incorrectly generates and returns a valid session token for the user associated with the provided email, effectively allowing the attacker to log in and take over the victim's account.

Business Impact

This vulnerability is rated as critical severity with a CVSS score of 9.8. Successful exploitation allows for a full account takeover of any registered user on the WordPress site, including high-privileged administrators. The business impact is severe and could include the theft of sensitive customer data (PII, order history), unauthorized modification of website content, financial fraud through compromised e-commerce accounts, and using the compromised website as a platform to launch further attacks. The reputational damage and potential regulatory fines resulting from a data breach would be significant.

Remediation Plan

Immediate Action: Immediately update the Mstoreapp Mobile App and Mstoreapp Mobile Multivendor plugins to the latest patched versions provided by the vendor. After patching, review access logs for any unusual login activity or unauthorized actions performed by user accounts prior to the update.

Proactive Monitoring:

• Monitor web server and WAF logs for anomalous POST requests to WordPress AJAX endpoints (/wp-admin/admin-ajax.php), specifically those related to the Mstoreapp plugins.
• Implement security audit logging within WordPress to track user login events, looking for successful logins from unusual IP addresses or multiple rapid login attempts for different users from a single source.
• Set up alerts for any unauthorized changes to administrative accounts or critical website settings.

Compensating Controls:

• If immediate patching is not feasible, consider implementing a Web Application Firewall (WAF) rule to block or flag requests targeting the specific vulnerable AJAX action.
• Temporarily disable the affected plugins until they can be safely updated. Note that this will impact functionality.
• Enforce multi-factor authentication (MFA) for all users, especially administrators, which may add a layer of protection against session token abuse.

Exploitation Status

Public Exploit Available: false

Analyst Notes: As of the publication date, Nov 21, 2025, there are no known public proof-of-concept exploits or active exploitation campaigns targeting this vulnerability. However, due to the critical CVSS score and the low complexity of the attack (requiring only a user's email), it is highly likely that threat actors will develop exploits and begin scanning for vulnerable systems.

Analyst Recommendation

This vulnerability represents a critical and immediate threat to the organization. Due to the ease of exploitation and the potential for complete system compromise, immediate remediation is the top priority. All instances of the affected Mstoreapp plugins must be updated to a patched version without delay. While this CVE is not currently on the CISA KEV list, its critical nature makes it a strong candidate for future inclusion should widespread exploitation occur. Organizations should treat this with the highest urgency.

Executive Summary:
A critical vulnerability has been discovered in multiple Apeman products, identified as CVE-2025-11126. The flaw involves hard-coded credentials which, if exploited, could allow an unauthorized attacker to gain complete control over affected devices, posing a severe risk of data exposure and further network intrusion.

Vulnerability Details

CVE-ID: CVE-2025-11126

Affected Software: Apeman Multiple Products

Affected Versions: Apeman ID71 firmware version 218.53.203.117 is confirmed vulnerable. See vendor advisory for a complete list of specific affected products and versions.

Vulnerability: The vulnerability stems from the presence of hard-coded credentials within the /system/www/system.ini configuration file on affected devices. An attacker with the ability to read this file, potentially through other vulnerabilities or misconfigurations, can extract these static credentials. These credentials could grant administrative-level access to the device's management interface or other services, allowing a remote attacker to gain full control, view sensitive information, modify configurations, or disrupt device functionality.

Business Impact

This vulnerability is rated as critical severity with a CVSS score of 9.8. Successful exploitation could lead to a complete compromise of the affected Apeman devices. The business impact includes the potential for unauthorized access to sensitive data (such as video feeds or stored recordings), loss of device control, and the risk of the compromised device being used as a pivot point to launch further attacks against the internal network. This could result in significant data breaches, operational disruption, and reputational damage.

Remediation Plan

Immediate Action: Immediately update all affected Apeman products to the latest version as recommended by the vendor. After applying the update, verify that the vulnerability has been addressed and that the hard-coded credentials are no longer present or accessible.

Proactive Monitoring: Monitor for any unauthorized access attempts to the /system/www/system.ini file. Review system and access logs for unusual login activity or logins from unfamiliar IP addresses. Network monitoring should be configured to detect and alert on suspicious outbound traffic from affected devices, which could indicate a compromise.

Compensating Controls: If immediate patching is not feasible, isolate the affected devices on a segmented network to limit their access to critical internal systems and the internet. Implement strict firewall rules to restrict access to the device's management interface, allowing connections only from a limited set of trusted administrative IP addresses.

Exploitation Status

Public Exploit Available: false

Analyst Notes: As of Sep 29, 2025, there are no known public exploits or active exploitation campaigns targeting this vulnerability. However, due to the critical severity (CVSS 9.8) and the straightforward nature of exploiting hard-coded credentials, it is highly probable that threat actors will develop and release exploit code in the near future.

Analyst Recommendation

This vulnerability presents a critical and immediate risk to the organization. Given the high CVSS score and the likelihood of future exploitation, immediate remediation is imperative. All organizations using the affected Apeman products should prioritize the deployment of the vendor-provided updates without delay. While this CVE is not currently listed on the CISA KEV catalog, its critical nature makes it a strong candidate for future inclusion, underscoring the urgency to patch.

Executive Summary:
A high-severity vulnerability has been discovered in multiple products from the vendor "flaw". This vulnerability could allow a remote attacker with low-level privileges to execute arbitrary commands on an affected device, leading to a complete system compromise. Successful exploitation could result in data theft, network disruption, and unauthorized access to the internal network.

Vulnerability Details

CVE-ID: CVE-2025-11123

Affected Software: flaw Multiple Products

Affected Versions: See vendor advisory for specific affected versions

Vulnerability: This vulnerability is a post-authentication command injection flaw in the web management interface of the affected products. An attacker who has obtained low-privilege user credentials (e.g., a guest account) can send a specially crafted HTTP request to a diagnostic or configuration page. The input is not properly sanitized before being used in a system shell command, allowing the attacker to inject and execute arbitrary OS commands with the privileges of the web server, which is typically root.

Business Impact

This vulnerability is rated as High severity with a CVSS score of 8.8. A successful exploit would grant an attacker complete control over the affected network device. The potential consequences include the exfiltration of sensitive network configuration data and traffic, using the compromised device as a pivot point to attack other systems on the internal network, and enrolling the device into a botnet for use in Distributed Denial-of-Service (DDoS) attacks. The integrity and availability of the network infrastructure are at significant risk.

Remediation Plan

Immediate Action: Organizations must apply the security updates provided by the vendor immediately, prioritizing internet-facing or otherwise critical devices. After patching, administrators should review access and system logs for any signs of compromise that may have occurred prior to the update.

Proactive Monitoring: Monitor device logs for unusual or suspicious activity, including logins from unexpected IP addresses, unauthorized configuration changes, and unexpected outbound network connections. Network traffic should be monitored for requests to the device's web interface containing shell command characters (e.g., ;, |, &&, $(), `).

Compensating Controls: If immediate patching is not feasible, restrict access to the device's management interface to a dedicated, trusted administrative network. If the interface must be exposed, place it behind a Web Application Firewall (WAF) with rules designed to block command injection attempts. Ensure all accounts on the device use strong, unique passwords and that default credentials have been changed.

Exploitation Status

Public Exploit Available: false

Analyst Notes: As of September 28, 2025, there are no known public exploits or reports of this vulnerability being actively exploited in the wild. However, due to the low complexity of exploitation once an attacker has low-level credentials, it is highly probable that a functional proof-of-concept exploit will be developed and released by security researchers or malicious actors in the near future.

Analyst Recommendation

Given the high severity score (CVSS 8.8) and the potential for a complete system takeover, we recommend that organizations treat this vulnerability with high priority. The remediation plan should be executed immediately, starting with the application of vendor-supplied patches to all affected systems. Although this CVE is not currently on the CISA KEV list, its characteristics make it a prime candidate for future exploitation, and it should be remediated with the same urgency as a known exploited vulnerability.

Executive Summary:
A critical vulnerability has been identified in multiple Tenda products, most notably the Tenda AC18 router. This flaw allows an unauthenticated remote attacker to execute arbitrary code on an affected device, potentially leading to a complete system compromise. Successful exploitation could result in data theft, network disruption, and unauthorized access to the internal network.

Vulnerability Details

CVE-ID: CVE-2025-11122

Affected Software: Tenda Multiple Products

Affected Versions: The Tenda AC18 with firmware version 15.03.05.19 is confirmed to be vulnerable. See vendor advisory for a complete list of other affected products and versions.

Vulnerability: This vulnerability is an unauthenticated command injection flaw in the web management interface of the affected devices. An attacker can send a specially crafted HTTP request to a specific administrative endpoint without needing to provide any credentials. The device fails to properly sanitize user-supplied input within this request, allowing the attacker to inject and execute arbitrary operating system commands with the privileges of the root user.

Business Impact

This vulnerability is rated as High severity with a CVSS score of 8.8. Exploitation of this flaw could have severe consequences for the organization. A remote attacker gaining root-level control of a network device can intercept sensitive network traffic, pivot to attack other systems on the internal network, install persistent malware, or launch denial-of-service attacks. This poses a significant risk of data breaches, operational downtime, reputational damage, and potential non-compliance with regulatory requirements.

Remediation Plan

Immediate Action:

• Identify all vulnerable Tenda devices within the environment.
• Apply the security updates provided by the vendor immediately, prioritizing internet-facing devices.
• After patching, monitor devices for any signs of compromise that may have occurred prior to the update.
• Review web access logs for the affected devices, looking for unusual or malicious requests targeting the management interface.

Proactive Monitoring:

• Monitor network traffic for unusual outbound connections originating from affected routers.
• Implement log monitoring to detect suspicious activity, such as unexpected commands in web server logs or attempts to access known vulnerable endpoints.
• Monitor for unexpected system reboots or changes in device configuration.

Compensating Controls:

• If immediate patching is not feasible, restrict access to the device's web management interface. Ensure it is not exposed to the public internet.
• Use a firewall to limit access to the management interface to only trusted IP addresses on a dedicated management network.
• Implement network segmentation to limit the potential impact of a compromised router on other critical network segments.

Exploitation Status

Public Exploit Available: false

Analyst Notes:
As of September 28, 2025, this is a newly disclosed vulnerability. There are currently no known public proof-of-concept exploits or active exploitation campaigns. However, due to the low complexity of the attack and the high potential impact, security researchers and threat actors are expected to develop and release exploit code in the near future.

Analyst Recommendation
Given the high severity (CVSS 8.8) and the risk of unauthenticated remote code execution, this vulnerability presents a significant and immediate threat to the organization. Although not currently listed on the CISA KEV catalog, its characteristics make it a prime candidate for future inclusion and widespread exploitation. We strongly recommend that organizations prioritize the immediate application of vendor-supplied patches to all affected Tenda devices to prevent compromise.

Executive Summary:
A high-severity vulnerability has been discovered in multiple products, including the Tenda AC8 router. This weakness could allow a remote, unauthenticated attacker to take complete control of an affected device. Successful exploitation could lead to network breaches, data theft, and the disruption of network services.

Vulnerability Details

CVE-ID: CVE-2025-11120

Affected Software: weakness Multiple Products (e.g., Tenda AC8)

Affected Versions: Tenda AC8 firmware version 16. See vendor advisory for a complete list of affected products and versions.

Vulnerability: This vulnerability is a stack-based buffer overflow in the web server component responsible for handling HTTP requests on affected devices. An unauthenticated attacker on the same network (or remotely, if the management interface is exposed to the internet) can send a specially crafted POST request with an overly long value to a specific parameter. The device's firmware fails to properly validate the length of this input, leading to a buffer overflow that can overwrite critical data on the stack, allowing the attacker to execute arbitrary code with root privileges.

Business Impact

This vulnerability presents a significant risk to the organization, reflected by its High severity rating with a CVSS score of 8.8. An attacker who successfully exploits this flaw can gain complete administrative control over the network device. This could lead to severe consequences, including the interception and theft of sensitive network traffic, unauthorized access to internal network segments, deployment of malware, and using the compromised device as a pivot point for further attacks. The device could also be enlisted into a botnet for use in large-scale Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks, potentially causing reputational damage and service disruption.

Remediation Plan

Immediate Action: Apply vendor-provided security updates immediately to all affected devices. After patching, it is crucial to monitor for any signs of exploitation attempts by reviewing device and network access logs for anomalous activity that may have occurred prior to remediation.

Proactive Monitoring: Network and security teams should actively monitor for indicators of compromise. This includes reviewing web server logs on affected devices for unusually long or malformed POST requests, inspecting network traffic for suspicious connections to the device's management interface from untrusted sources, and using an Intrusion Detection System (IDS) to alert on signatures associated with buffer overflow attempts. Monitor for any unexpected outbound connections originating from the device, which could indicate a successful compromise.

Compensating Controls: If immediate patching is not feasible, implement compensating controls to reduce the risk of exploitation. Restrict network access to the device's administrative web interface to a limited set of trusted IP addresses. Ensure that remote or WAN-side management is disabled, preventing exposure of the vulnerable interface to the public internet. Deploying a Web Application Firewall (WAF) or an Intrusion Prevention System (IPS) with relevant rules may also help block malicious requests before they reach the device.

Exploitation Status

Public Exploit Available: false

Analyst Notes: As of September 28, 2025, there are no known public proof-of-concept exploits or reports of this vulnerability being actively exploited in the wild. However, due to the high severity (CVSS 8.8) and the relative simplicity of exploiting buffer overflow vulnerabilities, it is highly probable that threat actors will develop and deploy exploits in the near future.

Analyst Recommendation

Given the high severity of this vulnerability, we strongly recommend that organizations prioritize the immediate patching of all affected devices. The potential for a complete system compromise by an unauthenticated attacker represents a critical risk to network security. Although this CVE is not currently listed on the CISA Known Exploited Vulnerabilities (KEV) catalog, its high impact score makes it a prime candidate for future inclusion and an attractive target for attackers. All internet-facing or critical internal devices should be identified and patched on an emergency basis.

Executive Summary:
A high-severity vulnerability has been identified in Tenda networking products, allowing an unauthenticated remote attacker to execute arbitrary code and gain complete control over affected devices. Successful exploitation could lead to network-wide compromise, data theft, and service disruption. Immediate patching is critical to mitigate the significant risk posed by this flaw.

Vulnerability Details

CVE-ID: CVE-2025-11117

Affected Software: Tenda CH22

Affected Versions: Version 1. See vendor advisory for a complete list of potentially affected products.

Vulnerability: The vulnerability is a command injection flaw within the device's web management interface. An unauthenticated attacker on the same network or, if exposed, over the internet, can send a specially crafted HTTP request to a specific API endpoint. This request can include malicious operating system commands which are then executed by the device with root-level privileges, resulting in a full system compromise.

Business Impact

This vulnerability poses a significant risk to the organization, classified as High severity with a CVSS score of 8.8. An attacker who successfully exploits this flaw can gain complete control over the network device. Potential consequences include eavesdropping on network traffic to steal sensitive data, modifying network configurations to cause outages or redirect traffic, using the compromised device as a pivot point to attack other internal systems, and incorporating the device into a botnet for use in larger attacks against other targets.

Remediation Plan

Immediate Action:
Identify all vulnerable Tenda devices within the environment and apply the security updates provided by the vendor immediately. Prioritize patching for devices that are internet-facing or manage critical network segments. After patching, monitor for any signs of exploitation attempts by reviewing firewall and web server access logs for unusual requests targeting the device's management interface.

Proactive Monitoring:
Implement enhanced monitoring for affected devices. Security teams should look for suspicious outbound connections from the devices, unexpected processes or high CPU utilization, and specific attack signatures in network traffic or web access logs that indicate attempts to exploit a command injection vulnerability.

Compensating Controls:
If immediate patching is not feasible, restrict access to the device's web management interface to a secure, isolated management network. Use network firewalls to block all external access to the management ports (typically TCP 80/443) of these devices. Implement network segmentation to limit the potential impact should a device be compromised.

Exploitation Status

Public Exploit Available: false

Analyst Notes:
As of September 28, 2025, there are no known public exploits or active exploitation campaigns targeting this vulnerability. However, given the critical nature and low complexity of the flaw, security researchers are likely to develop and publish proof-of-concept exploit code in the near future, which will significantly increase the risk of widespread attacks.

Analyst Recommendation
Due to the high severity (CVSS 8.8) of this remote code execution vulnerability, it is imperative that organizations take immediate action. All system administrators should prioritize the identification and patching of all affected Tenda devices. Although this vulnerability is not currently on the CISA KEV list, its critical impact and ease of exploitation make it a prime candidate for future inclusion and widespread attack. Proactive remediation is the most effective strategy to prevent compromise.

Executive Summary:
A high-severity vulnerability has been identified in certain networking products, allowing a remote, unauthenticated attacker to execute arbitrary code and gain full control of the affected device. Successful exploitation could lead to a complete network compromise, enabling attackers to intercept sensitive data, pivot to internal networks, or disrupt operations. Immediate patching is required to mitigate the significant risk posed by this flaw.

Vulnerability Details

CVE-ID: CVE-2025-11091

Affected Software: security Multiple Products

Affected Versions: Tenda AC21 firmware versions up to and including 16.03.07.45.

Vulnerability: The vulnerability is a command injection flaw within the web management interface of the Tenda AC21 router. A specific function, responsible for network diagnostics, fails to properly sanitize user-supplied input before passing it to a system shell command. An unauthenticated attacker can craft a malicious POST request to this function, injecting arbitrary operating system commands which are then executed on the device with root-level privileges, leading to a full system compromise.

Business Impact

This vulnerability is rated as High severity with a CVSS score of 8.8. A successful exploit would grant an attacker complete control over the network device, posing a severe risk to the organization. Potential consequences include the ability to monitor, redirect, or modify all network traffic, leading to sensitive data exfiltration (e.g., credentials, financial information). An attacker could also use the compromised device as a pivot point to launch further attacks against the internal corporate network or incorporate the device into a botnet for use in large-scale DDoS attacks, causing significant operational disruption and reputational damage.

Remediation Plan

Immediate Action: Apply vendor-supplied security updates to all affected Tenda AC21 devices immediately. Prioritize patching for devices with management interfaces exposed to the internet. After patching, review system and access logs for any signs of compromise that may have occurred prior to remediation.

Proactive Monitoring: Monitor network traffic for anomalous requests to the device's web management interface, particularly unexpected POST requests to diagnostic endpoints. Security teams should also monitor for unusual outbound connections from the device, which could indicate a successful compromise and communication with a command-and-control server. Enable and centralize logging from network devices to aid in detecting and investigating suspicious activity.

Compensating Controls: If immediate patching is not feasible, implement the following controls to reduce the attack surface:

• Disable the remote (WAN) management feature on the device.
• Restrict access to the web management interface to a dedicated, trusted administrative network or specific IP addresses.
• Use an upstream firewall to block external access to the device's management ports (typically 80/TCP and 443/TCP).

Exploitation Status

Public Exploit Available: false

Analyst Notes: As of September 28, 2025, there are no known public exploits or observed in-the-wild attacks targeting this vulnerability. However, due to the critical nature of command injection flaws in widely deployed networking equipment, security researchers and threat actors are highly likely to develop proof-of-concept exploits by reverse-engineering the vendor's patch.

Analyst Recommendation
Given the high CVSS score of 8.8 and the potential for complete device takeover, this vulnerability presents a critical risk. We strongly recommend that all affected devices are patched on an emergency basis. Although this CVE is not currently listed on the CISA KEV list, its severity makes it a prime candidate for future inclusion and an attractive target for opportunistic attackers. Organizations must prioritize the immediate application of vendor patches and implement compensating controls where patching is delayed to prevent a potential network breach.

Executive Summary:
A high-severity vulnerability exists within the Zegen Core plugin for WordPress that could allow an attacker to take full control of an affected website. By tricking a logged-in administrator into clicking a malicious link, an attacker can upload a malicious file to the server, leading to remote code execution. This can result in complete system compromise, data theft, and website defacement.

Vulnerability Details

CVE-ID: CVE-2025-11087

Affected Software: WordPress Zegen Core plugin

Affected Versions: All versions up to, and including, version 2.

Vulnerability: The vulnerability is a combination of two weaknesses: insufficient Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF) protection and unrestricted file upload. The plugin's file upload functionality lacks a security token (nonce) to verify that requests are legitimate and intentional. An attacker can craft a malicious webpage that, when visited by a logged-in administrator, will forge a request to the vulnerable WordPress site to upload a file of the attacker's choosing. Because the file upload function also fails to properly validate file types, the attacker can upload an executable script (such as a PHP web shell), granting them the ability to execute arbitrary code on the server.

Business Impact

This vulnerability is rated as High severity with a CVSS score of 8.8. Successful exploitation allows an attacker to achieve remote code execution on the web server, leading to a full compromise of the website and potentially the underlying server. The business impact includes the theft of sensitive data (customer information, payment details, intellectual property), reputational damage from website defacement or malware distribution, and the potential for the compromised server to be used as a pivot point for further attacks against the organization's internal network.

Remediation Plan

Immediate Action: Immediately update the Zegen Core plugin to the latest patched version provided by the vendor. If this plugin is not essential for business operations, the recommended course of action is to deactivate and completely remove it to eliminate the attack surface.

Proactive Monitoring: After patching, security teams should review web server access logs for unusual POST requests to the plugin's file upload endpoints. Monitor the WordPress upload directories for any suspicious or unexpected files (e.g., .php, .phtml, .sh). Implement file integrity monitoring (FIM) to alert on unauthorized changes to core WordPress files or plugin directories.

Compensating Controls: If immediate patching is not feasible, the following controls can help mitigate risk:

• Implement a Web Application Firewall (WAF) with rules designed to block malicious file uploads and detect common web shell signatures.
• Enforce strict file permissions on the web server's upload directories to prevent the execution of scripts.
• Ensure all administrative users log out of their WordPress sessions when they are not actively managing the site to reduce the window of opportunity for a CSRF attack.

Exploitation Status

Public Exploit Available: false

Analyst Notes: As of November 21, 2025, there are no known public proof-of-concept exploits or active attacks targeting this vulnerability in the wild. However, the attack pattern is well-understood by threat actors, and it is highly likely that an exploit could be developed with minimal effort.

Analyst Recommendation

Due to the high CVSS score and the potential for complete system compromise via remote code execution, this vulnerability presents a critical risk to the organization. We strongly recommend that the immediate remediation actions be prioritized and completed without delay. Although this vulnerability is not currently listed on the CISA KEV catalog, its severity warrants immediate attention. After patching, a thorough review of the affected systems should be conducted to search for any indicators of prior compromise.

Executive Summary:
A high-severity privilege escalation vulnerability has been identified in the "Academy LMS" plugin for WordPress. This flaw allows a low-privileged attacker to gain administrative access to the affected website. Successful exploitation could result in a complete compromise of the website, leading to data theft, service disruption, and reputational damage.

Vulnerability Details

CVE-ID: CVE-2025-11086

Affected Software: The Academy LMS – WordPress LMS Plugin for Complete eLearning Solution

Affected Versions: All versions up to, and including, 3

Vulnerability: The vulnerability is a privilege escalation flaw within the Academy LMS plugin. An authenticated attacker with low-level permissions, such as a 'subscriber', can exploit this weakness by sending a specially crafted request to a vulnerable function within the plugin. Due to improper authorization checks, the plugin fails to validate if the user has the necessary permissions to perform a privileged action, allowing the attacker to elevate their user role to that of an administrator.

Business Impact

This is a High severity vulnerability with a CVSS score of 8.1. A successful exploit would grant an attacker full administrative control over the WordPress site. The potential business impact is significant and includes the theft of sensitive user data (e.g., student information, payment details), website defacement, installation of malware or backdoors for persistent access, and complete service disruption. Such an incident could lead to severe financial loss, regulatory fines, and lasting damage to the organization's reputation.

Remediation Plan

Immediate Action:

• Immediately update "The Academy LMS – WordPress LMS Plugin for Complete eLearning Solution" to the latest version released by the vendor, which contains the security patch for this vulnerability.
• If the plugin is not essential for business operations, consider deactivating and uninstalling it to completely remove the attack surface.
• Review all user accounts, especially those with administrative privileges, to ensure no unauthorized accounts or privilege changes have occurred.

Proactive Monitoring:

• Monitor WordPress audit logs for unexpected or unauthorized changes to user roles, particularly any escalation to an 'administrator' role from a low-privilege account.
• Analyze web server access logs for suspicious POST/GET requests directed at the plugin's endpoints from unusual IP addresses or user agents.
• Implement file integrity monitoring to detect unauthorized changes to WordPress core files, themes, or plugins, which could indicate a backdoor has been installed.

Compensating Controls:

• If immediate patching is not possible, deploy a Web Application Firewall (WAF) with rules specifically designed to block exploit attempts against this vulnerability.
• Temporarily disable the plugin until it can be safely updated.
• Enforce Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA) on all administrative accounts to add a layer of security, making it more difficult for an attacker to use newly acquired privileges.

Exploitation Status

Public Exploit Available: false

Analyst Notes:
As of October 22, 2025, there are no known public proof-of-concept exploits available for this vulnerability. However, privilege escalation vulnerabilities in popular WordPress plugins are actively targeted by threat actors. It is highly probable that an exploit will be developed and used in the wild shortly after public disclosure.

Analyst Recommendation
Given the high severity (CVSS 8.1) and the critical impact of a successful exploit (full site compromise), immediate action is required. While this vulnerability is not currently on the CISA Known Exploited Vulnerabilities (KEV) catalog, its nature makes it an attractive target for attackers. We strongly recommend that all organizations using the affected "Academy LMS" plugin prioritize the application of the security update without delay to prevent unauthorized administrative access and protect against potential website compromise.

Executive Summary:
A high-severity vulnerability has been identified in specified Management software products, which could allow an unauthenticated, remote attacker to access and manipulate sensitive database information. Successful exploitation of this flaw could lead to a breach of confidential customer and business data, potentially causing significant operational disruption and reputational damage.

Vulnerability Details

CVE-ID: CVE-2025-11057

Affected Software: Management Multiple Products

Affected Versions: SourceCodester Pet Grooming Management Software version 1.0

Vulnerability: The vulnerability is an SQL injection flaw within the application. An unauthenticated attacker can exploit this by sending a specially crafted request to a publicly accessible component of the web application. By injecting malicious SQL queries into user-supplied input fields, the attacker can bypass authentication mechanisms and execute arbitrary commands on the backend database, allowing them to read, modify, or delete sensitive data.

Business Impact

This vulnerability is rated as High severity with a CVSS score of 7.3. Exploitation could have a significant business impact, including the unauthorized disclosure of sensitive customer information (names, contact details) and business data (appointments, service records). This could lead to a loss of customer trust, regulatory fines for data privacy violations, and reputational harm. Furthermore, an attacker could manipulate or delete data, disrupting business operations that rely on the integrity of the application's database.

Remediation Plan

Immediate Action: The primary remediation is to apply the security patches released by the vendor immediately across all affected systems. After patching, security teams should conduct a thorough review of web server and application logs for any signs of compromise or anomalous activity that may have occurred prior to the update.

Proactive Monitoring: Implement continuous monitoring of web application logs, focusing on requests containing SQL keywords (e.g., SELECT, UNION, INSERT, '--'), unusual character strings, or a high rate of errors. Utilize a Web Application Firewall (WAF) to detect and block known SQL injection attack patterns. Monitor database logs for unexpected queries or access from the application's service account.

Compensating Controls: If immediate patching is not feasible, implement a WAF with strict rules to filter malicious SQL syntax from incoming web traffic. Restrict network access to the application, allowing connections only from trusted IP addresses or networks. Ensure the application's database user account operates with the principle of least privilege, limiting its ability to alter database structure or access non-essential tables.

Exploitation Status

Public Exploit Available: false

Analyst Notes: As of September 28, 2025, there are no known public exploits or active exploitation campaigns targeting this vulnerability. However, SQL injection vulnerabilities are trivial to exploit once discovered, and it is common for proof-of-concept code to be developed by security researchers shortly after public disclosure.

Analyst Recommendation

Given the high severity (CVSS 7.3) of this vulnerability and the potential for a complete compromise of the application's data, it is strongly recommended that organizations prioritize the immediate application of the vendor-supplied security updates. Although this vulnerability is not currently listed on the CISA Known Exploited Vulnerabilities (KEV) catalog, its direct impact on data confidentiality and integrity warrants urgent attention. If patching cannot be performed immediately, the compensating controls outlined above must be implemented as a temporary measure to mitigate risk.

Executive Summary:
A high-severity vulnerability has been identified in the SourceCodester Online Hotel Reservation System, which could allow an unauthenticated attacker to access or manipulate sensitive backend database information. Successful exploitation could lead to the theft of customer personal data, disruption of reservation services, and significant reputational damage. Organizations using the affected software are urged to apply the vendor-supplied security update immediately to mitigate this risk.

Vulnerability Details

CVE-ID: CVE-2025-11055

Affected Software: SourceCodester Online Hotel Reservation System

Affected Versions: Version 1.0. See vendor advisory for specific affected versions.

Vulnerability: The vulnerability exists due to improper input sanitization in a user-facing component of the web application. An unauthenticated remote attacker can inject malicious SQL queries into application inputs, such as a search form or booking parameter. These crafted queries are then executed by the backend database, allowing the attacker to bypass authentication controls, exfiltrate sensitive data (e.g., customer names, contact information, reservation details), modify database records, or potentially gain further access to the underlying server.

Business Impact

This vulnerability is rated as High severity with a CVSS score of 7.3. Exploitation could have a severe business impact, including a data breach of sensitive customer Personally Identifiable Information (PII), leading to regulatory fines under frameworks like GDPR or CCPA. Additional consequences include financial loss from fraudulent booking manipulations, loss of customer trust, and significant damage to the organization's reputation. The potential for service disruption could also result in direct revenue loss and operational downtime.

Remediation Plan

Immediate Action: Apply the vendor-provided security updates to all affected systems immediately. Before deployment, it is recommended to test the patch in a non-production environment to ensure compatibility and stability. After patching, closely monitor system logs and application performance for any anomalous behavior.

Proactive Monitoring: Security teams should actively monitor web server access logs, database query logs, and Web Application Firewall (WAF) logs for signs of exploitation. Specifically, look for suspicious patterns indicative of SQL injection, such as queries containing UNION, SELECT, OR 1=1, or other SQL-specific keywords within URL parameters or form data. Monitor for unusual traffic volumes or requests originating from unknown IP addresses targeting the reservation system.

Compensating Controls: If immediate patching is not feasible, implement a Web Application Firewall (WAF) with a strict ruleset designed to detect and block SQL injection attacks. Additionally, ensure the application's database user account has the minimum necessary privileges (principle of least privilege) to limit the impact of a potential compromise.

Exploitation Status

Public Exploit Available: false

Analyst Notes: As of September 28, 2025, there are no known public exploit codes or active exploitation campaigns targeting this vulnerability. However, vulnerabilities of this type in widely used web applications are often quickly reverse-engineered. It is highly probable that a functional exploit will be developed by threat actors in the near future.

Analyst Recommendation

Given the high CVSS score of 7.3 and the critical nature of the data handled by reservation systems, this vulnerability poses a significant risk. Although it is not currently listed on the CISA KEV catalog, organizations must treat this as an urgent threat. We strongly recommend prioritizing the immediate deployment of the vendor's security patch. If patching is delayed for any reason, the implementation of compensating controls, such as a Web Application Firewall, should be considered a mandatory interim step to protect against potential exploitation.

Executive Summary:
A high-severity vulnerability has been identified in PHPGurukul Small CRM version 4, which could allow an unauthenticated remote attacker to access and exfiltrate sensitive data from the underlying database. Successful exploitation of this weakness could lead to a significant data breach, compromising customer information and other critical business data stored within the CRM.

Vulnerability Details

CVE-ID: CVE-2025-11053

Affected Software: Small Multiple Products

Affected Versions: PHPGurukul Small CRM version 4.0. See vendor advisory for specific affected versions.

Vulnerability: The vulnerability is a SQL injection weakness in an unauthenticated component of the PHPGurukul Small CRM application. An attacker can send a specially crafted HTTP request containing malicious SQL queries to a vulnerable endpoint. Due to insufficient input validation, these queries are executed directly against the application's database, allowing the attacker to bypass authentication, read, modify, or delete sensitive data.

Business Impact

This vulnerability is rated as High severity with a CVSS score of 7.3. Exploitation could have a significant business impact, including the unauthorized disclosure of sensitive customer data, personally identifiable information (PII), and internal business records. A successful attack could lead to a major data breach, resulting in reputational damage, loss of customer trust, regulatory fines, and potential financial losses associated with incident response and recovery.

Remediation Plan

Immediate Action: The primary remediation is to apply the security updates provided by the vendor immediately across all affected instances. After patching, it is crucial to review web server and database access logs for any signs of compromise or exploitation attempts that may have occurred prior to the update.

Proactive Monitoring: Implement enhanced monitoring of the affected application. Security teams should inspect web server access logs for requests containing SQL syntax (e.g., UNION, SELECT, ' OR '1'='1') in URL parameters or form data. Database logs should be monitored for anomalous queries originating from the web application user account.

Compensating Controls: If immediate patching is not feasible, implement a Web Application Firewall (WAF) with rulesets designed to detect and block SQL injection attacks. Additionally, consider restricting network access to the CRM application, allowing connections only from trusted IP addresses or networks until the patch can be applied.

Exploitation Status

Public Exploit Available: false

Analyst Notes: As of September 28, 2025, there are no known public exploits available for this vulnerability. However, SQL injection vulnerabilities are well understood and relatively easy for attackers to exploit. It is highly likely that threat actors will develop and utilize exploit code in the near future. This vulnerability is not currently listed in the CISA Known Exploited Vulnerabilities (KEV) catalog.

Analyst Recommendation

Given the high severity (CVSS 7.3) and the potential for a complete compromise of sensitive CRM data, it is strongly recommended that organizations prioritize the immediate deployment of the vendor-supplied security patches. Although this vulnerability is not yet on the CISA KEV list, its critical nature warrants urgent attention. If patching is delayed, the implementation of compensating controls, such as a WAF, is essential to mitigate the immediate risk of exploitation.

Executive Summary:
A high-severity security vulnerability, identified as CVE-2025-11052, has been discovered in multiple kidaze products, specifically affecting the CourseSelectionSystem. This flaw could allow a remote attacker to gain unauthorized access or manipulate system data, posing a significant risk to the confidentiality and integrity of academic and user information. Organizations are urged to apply the vendor-provided security updates immediately to mitigate the threat.

Vulnerability Details

CVE-ID: CVE-2025-11052

Affected Software: kidaze Multiple Products

Affected Versions: The specific vulnerability has been confirmed in CourseSelectionSystem version 1. See vendor advisory for a complete list of affected products and versions.

Vulnerability: The vulnerability exists within the data handling components of the kidaze CourseSelectionSystem. An unauthenticated remote attacker can send a specially crafted request to the application's public-facing interface. Due to improper input validation, this request is processed by the backend system, which could lead to unauthorized actions such as SQL injection or privilege escalation, granting the attacker access to sensitive data or administrative functions without valid credentials.

Business Impact

This vulnerability is rated as High severity with a CVSS score of 7.3. Successful exploitation could have a severe business impact, including the unauthorized disclosure of sensitive student or faculty personally identifiable information (PII), manipulation of academic records such as course enrollments and grades, and potential system-wide disruption. Such an incident could lead to significant reputational damage, loss of user trust, and potential regulatory penalties for non-compliance with data protection standards.

Remediation Plan

Immediate Action: The primary remediation is to apply the security updates released by kidaze immediately across all affected systems. After patching, administrators should review system and application access logs for any signs of compromise or unusual activity that occurred prior to the update.

Proactive Monitoring: Implement enhanced monitoring on affected systems. Security teams should look for indicators of compromise in web server and application logs, such as unusual URL requests, malformed SQL queries, or failed login attempts from unknown IP addresses. Monitor for any unauthorized changes to user accounts or system configurations.

Compensating Controls: If immediate patching is not feasible, implement compensating controls to reduce the risk of exploitation. This includes deploying a Web Application Firewall (WAF) with rules designed to block common attack patterns like SQL injection, restricting network access to the application to only trusted IP ranges, and enforcing multi-factor authentication for all administrative accounts.

Exploitation Status

Public Exploit Available: false

Analyst Notes: As of September 28, 2025, there are no known public proof-of-concept exploits or active exploitation campaigns targeting this vulnerability. However, given the high CVSS score and the potential for unauthorized data access, it is highly likely that threat actors will develop exploits in the near future. The vulnerability is not currently listed on the CISA Known Exploited Vulnerabilities (KEV) catalog.

Analyst Recommendation

Given the High severity rating (CVSS 7.3), this vulnerability presents a significant risk to the organization. We strongly recommend that the vendor-supplied patches for CVE-2025-11052 be applied as a critical priority. Although there is no evidence of active exploitation at this time, the risk of a future attack is substantial. Organizations should treat this as an urgent remediation effort to prevent potential data breaches and protect sensitive institutional data.